Resource-Efficient Technologies is an international journal that publishes research and review articles, short communications, commentaries, and book reviews in the field of sustainable and resource-efficient technologies, which reduce energy and materials consumption, reduce or completely eliminate harmful emissions, develop closed-loop recycling technologies with the purpose of sustainable, economically efficient and socially responsible use of natural resources and man-made products. The journal is registered internationally (ISSN 2405-6529) and nationally (registration number EL no. FS 77 - 73381, August 03, 2018, from the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology, and Mass Media (ROSKOMNADZOR). Resource-Efficient Technologies is published quarterly (March, June, September, December). Full articles are available on the journal website immediately after the publication of a new issue of the journal. The journal is open access. Licensing of the journal materials is carried out in accordance with the Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC). Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. The journal was published with Evise platform (Elsevier) until 2018. Since 2018 full publishing process has been being provided by Tomsk Polytechnic University This journal does not charge APCs or submission charges.
METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS APPLIED FOR WATER PURIFICATION
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) which are materials constructed from metal ions/clusters bridged with organic linkers have emerged as an important family of porous materials for widely varying applications. The purification of water polluted with both of organic and inorganic contaminants is a potentially promising application of MOFs since the chemical and thermal properties of the porous materials are easily tunable, e.g. ligand modification, different metal, etc. The demonstration of alignment and the obtained insights facilitate the direction of designing ideal MOF materials with improved water stability for application in water purification. This review gives a brief overview and will be beneficial to the design, functionalization, and promotion of the development of MOFs as adsorbent materials for applications in water purification.
ANALYSIS OF X-RAY WHISPERING GALLERY WAVES PROPAGATING ALONG LIQUID MENISCUSES
X-ray diffraction and fluorescence of whispering galleries (WGs) which propagate along meniscuses of deionized water or silica hydrosols enriched by CsOH have been analyzed for the first time. The measurements have been performed using the diffractometer with a moving tube-detector system. The X-ray beam rotation angle reached a maximum value of 4° on a silica hydrosol sample. The WG mode propagating near the surface of a concave meniscus as well as the fluorescence intensity have been found from a solution of the respective Helmholtz equations. For analysis of intensities of the X-ray scattering and fluorescence we have used a two-layer model of the liquid with the upper non-uniform corrugated layer in which the concentration of levitating Cs+ ions near the surface has a maximum derived from the experiment in the hydrosol depth of ~ 15 nm for SiO2 particle sizes of ~ 5÷7 nm. In order to determine the fluorescence intensity we have used the approach based on a method of fundamental parameters using the reciprocity theorem.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF DOUBLE-SIDED SOLAR MODULES EFFICIENCY IN THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN
The article presents studies of double-sided solar modules in Kazakhstan. To conduct an experimental research of double-sided solar modules efficiency in the climatic conditions of Central Kazakhstan we have created an experimental solar power plant (SPP) located on the territory of Karaganda State Technical University. The solar power plant consists of four photovoltaic modules of KZ PV 270 M72 type and four photovoltaic modules of FSM-185D type. The rotary system was not used; solar panels are southward (directed to the south). The comparison was made with the solar power plant without orientation system which uses four photovoltaic modules of KZ PV 270 M72 type produced by Astana Solar LLP. The statistical analysis of information with an assessment of parameters of distribution and criteria for processing of results of scientific experiment is carried out. The correlation and regression analysis is performed. The least square method (coefficient calculation) is used in data processing. We have developed the computational model simulating the SPP by means of which the theoretical averaged values of energy amount generated in kWh/day have been obtained, and the actual values have been received by in-use measurements of SPP parameters within a year. The results of this work showed that the use of double-sided solar modules in Kazakhstan is very promising and can be a decisive factor for their widespread use with the tendency to lower prices.
THERMODYNAMIC UNCERTAINTY RELATION AS A FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT OF QUANTUM THERMODYNAMICS
The paper addresses physics of thermodynamic fluctuations in temperature and energy. These fluctuations are interrelated and, hence, can affect various micro- and macro systems. It is shown that the thermodynamic uncertainty relation must be taken into account in the physics of superconductivity, in quantum computations and other branches of science, where temperature and energy fluctuations play a critical role. One of the most important applications of quantum thermodynamics is quantum computers. It is assumed that in the near future the state structures will create a specific quantum cryptocurrency obtained using quantum computing. The quantum cryptocurrency exhibits two main features: the maximum reliability (quantum protection against hacking threats) and the possibility of state control (at the moment, only large scientific state centers have quantum computers). The paper reviews the studies aimed to theoretically prove the validity of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation. This relation connects fluctuations in temperature and energy of a system. Other similar relations are considered, including the relationship between fluctuations in pressure and volume, in entropy and temperature, and others. The main purpose of the paper is to validate the thermodynamic analogue of the uncertainty relation that interconnects temperature and energy fluctuations. Experimental data was obtained on the basis of the study of the transport properties of semiconductor devices – transistors. In the experiment, the transport properties of a pair of semiconductor transistors placed on a single silicon crystal were studied. In this system, one transistor was used to determine temperature fluctuations, and the other one was employed to estimate energy fluctuations. The key role of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation in modern thermodynamics has been clarified. The performed experimental studies confirm the validity of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation.
analogue of the Heisenberg relation in thermodynamics
ANALYSIS OF A TWO-CRYSTAL DELAY LINE FOR FEMTOSECOND PULSES OF THE X-RAY FREE ELECTRON LASER
Using the methods of statistical optics the formation of delayed X-ray pulses in the diffraction reflection of an incident pulse with an arbitrary degree of temporal coherence from a system of parallel crystals with different lattice periods is considered. The results are of interest for constructing delay lines in experiments with a time resolution of the pump-and-probe type and realizing of the self-seeding mode to increase the degree of temporal coherence of the X-ray free-electron laser radiation. A rigorous theory of dynamic diffraction in Bragg geometry is applied to the diffraction reflection of short X-ray pulses from a system of two parallel crystals with arbitrary thicknesses, and also, for a system of two pairs of parallel crystals. The dependence of the delay time and the intensity of the delayed pulses on the thickness of the crystals and the distances between them are analyzed. Since the pulses from the X-ray free electron laser have high spatial coherence, i.e. a small angular divergence, but very poor temporal coherence, special attention is paid to the effect of the degree of temporal coherence on the width of the energy spectrum of the incident pulses and on the influence of this width on the intensity of the delayed pulses.
Parametric X-ray radiation and texture of polycrystalline foils
Текстура поликристаллической фольги вольфрама и никеля изучалась с использованием параметрического рентгеновского излучения (PXR), генерируемого электронами с энергией 7 МэВ. Получены кривые качания PXR из кристаллографических плоскостей (200) для вольфрама и (220) для никеля. Приведено сравнение с аналогичными измерениями, полученными с использованием дифракции широкополосных рентгеновских лучей. Сравнение показало хорошее соответствие результатов, касающихся формы кривых качания и положения максимумов. Однако наблюдалось систематическое несоответствие в значении полного максимума полной ширины.
Practical Evaluation of Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Module Efficiency under Karaganda Conditions
В настоящее время в Казахстане введено семь крупных проектов, направленных на развитие солнечных электростанций общей мощностью 300 МВт, что способствует использованию нетрадиционных возобновляемых источников энергии и разрабатывает технологии для продвижения солнечной энергии. В докладе представлены исследования, посвященные проектированию и строительству солнечной электростанции мощностью 60 МВт в городе Саран. В Карагандинском государственном техническом университете построена экспериментальная солнечная электростанция для изучения технических параметров фотоэлектрических модулей в эксплуатационных условиях и их адаптации к климатическим условиям Караганды, расположенным в Центральном Казахстане. Был проведен статистический анализ данных, и были оценены параметры распределения с критериями для обработки экспериментальных результатов. Выяснилось, что система мониторинга и изменение значений азимутального и зенитного углов солнечных модулей будут эффективными для Караганды. Результаты наблюдений показали, что количество электроэнергии, произведенной в 2014 году, превысило количество, вырабатываемое в 2015 году, в пределах 10% в зависимости от месяца года. Повышение температуры на 1ºC от 25ºC снижает мощность солнечной панели примерно на 0,51%.
LIGA method of forming high-contrast collimators and anti-scatter grids with high aspect ratio
В статье рассматриваются вопросы создания и применения высококонтрастных антискаттерных рентгеновских сеток для рентгеновской визуализации в диапазоне 20-200 КЭВ из Микрофокусных рентгеновских трубок. Структура решетки никеля высоко-аспект-коэффициента прототипа использована для того чтобы рассматривать удар решетки анти -- разброса на дирекционных картинах трубки рентгеновского снимка ИМА-2-150Д. Показано подавление рассеянного излучения и сужение схемы направленного излучения. Контраст прототипа никеля, по-видимому, недостаточен. В статье представлены методы LIGA для изготовления антискаттерных рентгеновских сеток из золота в Сибирском центре Синхротронного и Терагерцового излучения. Описан метод формирования резистивных сетчатых структур с использованием глубинной рентгеновской литографии и показаны тестовые структуры. В настоящее время идет Разработка технологии изготовления рентгеновских сеток против рассеяния.
Quantum and classical effects at scattering of high energy charged particles in thin crystals
The present work reviews the results concerning quantum scattering theory of ultrarelativistic electrons in ultrathin crystals and its comparison with analogous classical results. It deals with an intermediate range of thicknesses, large enough for that the particle motion could not be considered as rectilinear but small enough for that the channeling regime of motion was not established. The quantum theory is based both upon the representation of the scattering amplitude as an integral over the surface surrounding the target, and on the so-called operator method of determination of the wave function as a solution of a Schrödinger-like equation. The latter method implies a wide use of the Fourier technique, both in calculation of each next step in the wave packet evolution, and in moving from the spatial coordinates to the angular ones. The authors compare the quantum differential scattering cross-sections with the classical ones in the considered range of crystal thicknesses and show their resemblances, distinctions and the evolution of these distinctions with the change of the particle energy. The simplest variant of quantum scattering theory based upon the eikonal approximation of quantum mechanics is considered. In the paper the quantum differential scattering cross-section was calculated and its affinity with the classical one was demonstrated. In the preparation of these lecture notes the material of the paper [4] was used.
Peculiarities of electromagnetic field oscillations of a charged particle rotating about a conductive ball
Abstract. The paper investigates some characteristic features of the electromagnetic field of a relativistic charged particle that uniformly rotates about a conductive ball in its equatorial plane. It is assumed that the braking of the particle due to radiation is compensated by an external influence (e.g. the electric force) that compels the particle to turn uniformly in a circle. The magnetic permittivity of the ball is assumed to be one. The work is based on the corresponding exact analytic solutions of Maxwell’s equations. The generalized Drude-Lorentz-Sommerfeld formula for the dielectric function of the conductive ball is used in numerical calculations. It is shown that localized oscillations of a high-amplitude electromagnetic field can be generated at a given harmonic inside the ball at a certain (resonant) particle rotation frequency at a small distance from the surface of the ball. Herewith, at large distances from the trajectory of the particle, these localized oscillations are accompanied by intense radiation at the same harmonic, which is many times more intense than the analogous radiation in the case when the ball is absent. The possibilities of using this phenomenon to develop sources of quasi-monochromatic electromagnetic radiation in the range from giga- to terra hertz frequencies are discussed.
Cleaning and sputtering using planar acoustoplasma magnetron
Абстрактные. В статье описаны полученные экспериментальные результаты для планарного акустоплазменного магнетрона. Небольшой радиус анодной петли позволяет фокусировать и ускорять ионный компонент распыленного материала. В качестве буферного газа использовали аргон. Сравниваются характеристики магнетрона в случае постоянного тока и в акустоплазменном режиме (AP) (с модулированным током, содержащим постоянные и переменные компоненты). Скорость распыления в режиме AP увеличивается. Для медного катода давление газа составляло <1 Па и плотность тока порядка 100 мА / см 2с увеличением расстояния от анода до осажденного субстрата от 2 до 4 см в случае подачи постоянного тока скорость осаждения снижается в 3,3 раза (от 17 до 5 нм / с), в акустоплазменном режиме - в 2 раза (от 13 до 6,4 нм / с). Для расстояния анода-подложки 4 см прирост скорости осаждения в режиме AP по сравнению с DC составляет 1,2-1,5 раза. Измерялись зависимости ионного и электронного токов на подложке от разных параметров разряда. Исследование основано на схеме с двумя потенциальными сетками с фиксированными и переменными потенциалами. Показана возможность формирования кольцевого пароплазменного потока быстрых частиц.
Potentialities of fast ion neutralization at grazing incidence angles from crystal surfaces for development of new generation of uv laser sources
Abstract. The paper considers processes of electron capture by fast ions scattered from metal surfaces at grazing incidence angles. It discusses the possibilities of excitation of high atomic levels in neutralization process and laser generation. The Doppler compression effect for ion beams is shown to be rather essential for laser generation in the ion energy range of several tens keV. It is shown that the four-level laser generation scheme is the preferable one. The values of critical currents for laser generation are evaluated. The experimental setup for ion beam neutralization is observed. The experimental results on nitrogen ion beam neutralization on silicon (001) wafers at grazing incident angles are presented. The dependence of the neutralization coefficient on the grazing incidence angle is measured, a good coincidence between peak maximum and Lindhard angles is demonstrated. It is shown that in case of neutralization without special vacuum surface cleaning the neutralization coefficient makes approximately 30% for ion energy of 40 keV. The one-electron resonant neutralization to nitrogen 2P1/2, 2D3/2, 4S3/2 atomic terms is discussed. The mechanism of resonant coherent excitation of fast nitrogen atoms in front of a Si (001) surface is observed, the resonant energy being estimated about 70 keV.
Interaction of metals and alloys with gas media under spark discharges
The paper studies the penetration of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, argon and krypton into copper, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, aluminum, iron and different steels under the action of spark discharges in various media based on radioactive indicators using step-by-step radiometric analysis, macro-, micro-, electron-microscopy and activation autoradiography, Mössbauer and Auger spectroscopy, secondary ion-ionic emission, X-ray diffraction and X-ray microanalysis. The study describes distribution features of penetrating atoms and their concentration profiles. Phase composition of near-surface layers is also determined. It is shown that supersaturated solid solutions of iron in copper and copper in iron are formed during simultaneous iron and oxygen penetration in copper and spinel (Fe6Cu3O4)4. Diffusion of iron and carbon results in supersaturated solid solutions of iron and carbon in copper, copper and carbon in iron, graphite and cementite. Inert gases and nitrogen form solid solutions with copper. Phase composition of near-surface layers in Fe is determined. Iron dioxide FeO, a carbon solid solution in iron with fcc lattice γ-Fe, tetragonal martensite and cementite, two iron (III) hydroxide FeOOH modifications, a supersaturated solid solution of nitrogen and nitride Fe4N, solid solutions of inert gases in iron are formed in the diffusion zone. Simultaneous interaction of molybdenum with iron (the anode material) and various gases results in the formation of substitutional solid solutions of iron in molybdenum and molybdenum in iron, a small amount of interstitial solid solutions of nitrogen and carbon in molybdenum and nitrogen in iron, interstitial phases: molybdenum nitrides and carbides and traces of nitrides of iron (Fe4N, Fe2N) and Fe1,9Mo (λ) phases in the form of needles. Treatment of nickel with a nickel anode in the nitrogen medium promotes formation of a solid solution of nitrogen and nitride Ni3N in the matrix with preserved hexagonal symmetry and lattice parameters that are characteristic of this phase under equilibrium conditions. Atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and argon are present in the interstitial solid solutions in treatment of nickel in ambient air; however, oxides are not found even on the surface (in the layer ~200 nm). Interaction of titanium with atmospheric gases leads to formation of a solid solution of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and argon in titanium and titanium nitride Ti2N (ε). Simultaneous saturation of the titanium surface with nickel and nitrogen in the interaction zone causes formation of phases in the following order: nickel nitride; a solid solution of nitrogen and titanium in nickel and a solid solution of both alloying elements in titanium.
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR PREDICTION OF LITHIUM POLYMER BATTERY FOR LOW-POWER SOLAR PV APPLICATIONS
With an increase in the amount of renewable, solar photovoltaic in particular, developing efficient energy storage media will become increasingly important. Batteries are one of the most common storage devices, and the maximum runtime and dynamic behavior of batteries play an important role in various energy storage applications. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the battery behavior during charging and discharging operation. This study aims to analyze the properties of a lithium polymer battery to support low-power Solar PV applications through experiment and simulation with a goal of understanding its electrical behavior. A simple experimental test procedure was used to determine the various electric parameters required to develop a model of the battery. Simulations results at various C rates captured the dynamic behavior of the lithium polymer battery, revealing an acceptable trade-off between accuracy and complexity.
PECULIARITIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS GENERATED BY A CHARGED PARTICLE CROSSING THE PLANAR BOUNDARY BETWEEN A CONDUCTING MEDIUM AND A VACUUM
The peculiarities of electromagnetic oscillations generated by a charged particle moving rectilinearly and uniformly have been studied when the particle crosses a planar boundary between a conducting medium and a vacuum perpendicular to that boundary. This study is based on the relevant exact analytical solutions of Maxwell equations, and the generalized Drude–Lorentz–Sommerfeld formula has been used for the dielectric function of conducting medium in the numerical calculations. The results of our investigation indicated that a charged particle may generate large amplitude oscillations in an electric field at frequencies wherein the dispersion phenomenon is essential and the real part of the conducting material’s dielectric function is negative. The results further revealed that these oscillations are localized at the planar boundary of the conducting medium and a vacuum. The possibility of using this phenomenon to generate electromagnetic radiation at large distances from the surface of a conducting medium of finite size is also discussed.
To avoid complex computations based on wide Fourier expansions, the electromagnetic field of synchrotron radiation (SR) was analyzed using Lienard–Wiechert potentials in this work. The retardation equation was solved for ultrarelativistic movement of rotating charge at distances up to the trajectory radius. The radiation field was determined to be constricted into a narrow extended region with transverse sizes approximately the radius of trajectory divided by the particle Lorentz factor (characteristic SR length) cubed in the plane of trajectory and the distance between the observation and radiation emission point divided by the Lorentz factor in the vertical direction. The Lienard–Wiechert field of rotating charge was visualized using a parametric form to derive electric force lines rather than solving a retardation equation. The electromagnetic field of a charging point rotating at superluminal speeds was also investigated. This field, dubbed a superluminal synchrotron radiation (SSR) field by analogy with the case of a circulating relativistic charge, was also presented using a system of electric force lines. It is shown that SSR can arise in accelerators from “spot” of SR runs faster than light by outer wall of circular accelerator vacuum chamber. Furthermore, the mentioned characteristic lengths of SR in orbit plane and in vertical direction are less than the interparticle distances in real bunches in ultrarelativistic accelerators. It is indicating that this phenomenon should be taken into account when calculating bunch fields and involved at least into the beam dynamic consideration.
INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ON NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS POTASSIUM L-2-NITRIMINO-1,3-DIAZEPANE-4-CARBOXYLATE CRYSTALS
The physical properties of crystals depend on their chemical composition and their molecular and crystal structure. The presence of donor amino groups (NH2) and acceptor nitro groups (NO2) in a molecule can increase the molecule’s non–linear optical (NLO) properties. L-nitroarginine, in a strong alkaline environment (MOH (M=Li,Na,K), crystallizes to form L-2-nitrimino-1,3-diazepane-4-carboxylic acid (L-NIDCA⋅H2O and L-NIDCA). We found that the slow evaporation of a solution of L-nitroarganine and an alkali in equimolar quantities leads to the formation of a metallic salt with L-2-nitrimino-1,3-diazepane-4-carboxylate anions (K(L-NIDC)⋅H2O, Na(-NIDC), L-NaNIDC, Li(L-NIDC); this salt shows strong NLO properties. This study also addressed the second-harmonic generation of L-KNIDC⋅H2O and L-KNIDC crystals and how their crystal and molecular structure affects the NLO properties. The infrared and Raman spectra of K(L-NIDC)⋅H2O and K(L-NIDC) crystals were studied with respect to these structural features. We found that the intensity of second-harmonic generation in K(L-NIDC) is 2.75 times higher than in the standard KDP crystal, while the intensity in K(L-NIDC)⋅H2O is much lower.
Potassium L–2–nitrimino–1,3–diazepane–4–carboxylate
EXERGY OF A HYBRID SOLAR-WIND REVERSE OSMOSIS-MSF DESALINATION SYSTEM
A novel hybrid solar-wind reverse-osmosis (RO) multistage flash (MSF) distillation desalination system was manufactured and tested in actual conditions in Iran. Solar energy was used to provide both thermal and electrical power and wind energy was used to provide electrical power. Exergy analysis can be used to design more efficient energy systems by reducing inefficien-cies, and indicates opportunities for improving performance in existing systems. The exergy involved in the hybrid solar-wind RO-MSF desalination system is analyzed below using data obtained from theoretical and experimental studies. The RO and MSF systems, powered by wind and solar energy, achieved increases in the reliability and flexibility of the system and in the quality of the resulting drinking water. According to the exergy analysis, the irreversible losses from the hybrid solar-wind RO-MSF plant are concentrated in the solar collector and the multistage flash chamber. These exergy losses can be reduced by isolating the collector, coating the pipes and MSF walls, selecting the parameters for the vapor compressor and RO membrane and pumps, and improving the flash process. By optimizing the performance of the hybrid solar-wind RO-MSF system, the amount of water recovery should increase, and the energy consumption should decrease, which should improve the overall efficiency of the system.
Hybrid Solar-Wind RO-MSF Desalination System
THE USE OF INCORRECTLY POSED INVERSE PROBLEMS AND CATASTROPHE THEORY IN ACOUSTOPLASMIC STUDIES
If the discharge current into a plasma contains direct and variable components, the plasma develops wavelike acoustic instabilities and eventually becomes an acoustoplasmа. Such instabilities lead to bistability, multistability, and hysteresis phenomena of the current–voltage characteristics, causing abrupt changes in the state of the plasma medium. These changes can be imagined as phase transitions and described using catastrophe theory. In the present study, the experimental plasma data are approximated by the equations of catastrophes. After reducing the catastrophe equation to canonical form, the points of possible phase transitions are determined. The phase transition coordinates are then converted to coordinates in the experimental system by inverse transformations. In this way, we determine the points of possible phase transitions in a real experiment. Finally, the parameter changes in an acoustoplasma discharge are obtained by solving incorrectly posed inverse problems. The inverse problem of the experimental data is solved at each current time. Within the neighborhoods of singular points, the incorrectly posed inverse problems are solved by the theory of catastrophes. The proposed methods are applicable to various fields of science and technology.
CONTROL OF CO2 LASER POWER BY ACOUSTIC FIELDS
The present study investigates the optimization of the operation of the CO2 laser in the acoustoplasma mode (i.e., dependence of the laser radiation power on the composition of the working mixture, pressure, value of the direct component of the discharge current, frequency, and modulation depth). A three-dimensional dependence on the frequency and modulation depth of the discharge current is experimentally obtained for the normalized efficiency of the conversion of the electric power supplied to the discharge tube into laser power. The maximum gain when transition to the acoustoplasma mode exceeds 2.5 times. The optimum depth of the discharge current modulation is 0.5–0.7. The laser radiation power modulation caused by the discharge current modulation is measured. Laser power is not modulated at modulation frequencies of current >1 kHz. Meanwhile, at current modulation frequencies <0.5 kHz, the modulation depth of the laser radiation power nonlinearly depends on the modulation depth of the discharge current and has a threshold character. The modulation depth of the laser radiation power is associated with the creation of an acoustoplasma and not simply with the discharge current modulation.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYBRID SOLAR-WIND RO-MSF DESALINATION SYSTEM
Introduction: Water, energy, and the environment are three important elements of sustainable development. Production of potable water using desalination technologies powered by renewable energy systems could help solve water scarcity in remote areas with shortages of water or conventional energy sources, or in large cities with air pollution. Hybridization of solar and wind could increase the sustainability and availability of renewable energy sources and reduce energy costs. Additionally, hybridization of reverse osmosis (RO) and MSF could increase efficiency and desalinated water quality and decrease desalinated water cost. Materials and Methods: The research method in this paper is based on modeling, computer simulation, and optimization with MATLAB software, and manufacturing and evaluating the plant at the Tarbiat Modares University Renewable Energy Laboratory. Results: The process of manufacturing the MSF system, solar panel structure, and wind turbine was explained and modeling and optimization results were presented. Testing results of the plant were mentioned, as were the produced power of wind turbine simulated and plant performance evaluated under the environmental conditions of the Tehran region. The rate of fresh water production under changing feed water salinity was evaluated and the real costs of fresh water produced ($/m3) were estimated. At the end of this section, model results and test results were compared. Conclusion: Hybridization of RO and MSF systems with wind and solar energy resources led to increased system reliability and flexibility and higher produced drinking water quality. The desalinated water cost was 1.35 $/m3 in theory and 1.5 $/m3 for actual conditions. Hybridization of wind, solar, RO, and MSF showed proved the best choices to minimize water cost compared to fossil fuel RO or MSF, wind RO, wind MSF, solar RO, solar MSF, or fossil fuel RO-MSF. Hybridization of RO and MSF would result in better economics and operation characteristics than those corresponding to MSF. Water cost can be reduced by 23 to 26% of that of a sole MSF process and the amount of desalinated water produced by the hybrid RO-MSF system is much greater than that of MSF. A comparison of theory outputs and experimental test results showed very good agreement between measured and model data. The test results of the manufactured hybrid solar-wind RO-MSF justified theory results.
RESOURCE-EFFICIENT METHODS FOR PREDICTING AND SELECTING HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS
The power plant resource efficiency is largely dependent on heat-resistant alloys and is limited by the standard turbine operating temperature, which is slightly greater than 1000°C. These temperature limits are dependent on the characteristics of the heat-resistant alloys used in power plants. The current research aimed to discover new heat-resistant alloys using computer-based models to simulate the various properties of such materials. The first-principle methods were initially used in this study. These methods can determine the most important properties of alloys with a high degree of accuracy. This study presented an overview of the software used for first-principle simulation. Using RuAl as the demonstration alloy in this study, we provided step-by-step instructions on how to effectively study the properties of the heat-resistant alloys. Using the first-principle methods, the phonon spectrum and density of the phonon states of B2 RuAl were assessed. We use the parameters of the phonon spectrum to calculate the Grüneisen constant, volume coefficient of thermal expansion, Debye temperature, and temperature dependence of the heat capacity to estimate the melting temperature. Based on the RuAl alloy, the bulk moduli of the elasticity and equilibrium values of lattice parameters were calculated. The simulated results showed good agreement with the experimental data. The calculated parameters of RuAl were compared with those of the NiAl heat-resistant alloy. Using these results, we presented a method for selecting an alloy based on the replacement of ruthenium with nickel in the RuAl alloy. Selection was performed by analyzing the bulk modulus of elasticity and the electron structure of the Ru(Ni)Al alloy.
COMPARISON OF GLOW, ARC, AND MAGNETRON DIRECT CURRENT DISCHARGES
Glow discharge (GD) in a tube, arc discharge (AD) without cathode heating from an external source, and magnetron discharge (MD) in a planar magnetron are compared. In each of the discharges, characteristic areas are distinguished. In MD, electrons trapped in the near-cathode region are not directly involved in ionization processes, but “wake” acceleration of slow ions by electrons that move along Larmor orbits is possible, which gives additional energy to ions moving toward the cathode. In GD in the near-cathode region, the average energy of the ejected electrons is on the order of several electron volts, and the energy of the ions and neutrals is less than 0.1 eV. In MD in the near-cathode region, the average energy of knocked-out electrons, ions, and neutrals is on the order of tens of electron volts. The differential resistance of GD is negative, that of AD is usually negative, and that of MD is positive. The energy of ions in the magnetron plasma can be greater than that of electrons, which gives new possibilities for acoustoplasma control of MD and the creation of appropriate instruments and devices.
REMOVAL OF DIVALENT CADMIUM IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING LANTANA CAMARA LEAVES BIOCARBON
The objective of this study is to investigate the removal of divalent cadmium ions from an aqueous solution using Lantana camara leaves biocarbon (LCBC). Batch experiments are conducted to test the effects of various parameters such as pH, initial metal ion concentration, amount of biocarbon, and contact time on the cadmium removal process at room temperature, which allows establishing as the optimum conditions a pH value of 4.0 and 2.5g/100 mL of biocarbon dose at the equilibrium time of 180 min. The maximum percentage removal of cadmium is 93.30%. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms are used to verify the adsorption parameters, and the experimental data is well fitted to the Langmuir model. Analysis of the biosorption kinetics shows that the pseudo-second-order model is well fitted for Cd (II) ions removal. The correlation coefficient (r2) for the second-order model is 0.9848. The results reveal LCBC as an efficient, low cost, and harmless to environment adsorbent for the removal of Cd (II) ions in the biosorption process.
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF RADIAL DISTRIBUTION TEST SYSTEMS FOR POWER SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
A comprehensive review of existing radial distribution test systems available for power system distribution research is presented. The review can be used to establish a record of cases suitable for distribution operation and planning studies. The importance of the distribution system, the structure of the system in the grid, and various configurations of the distribution network are discussed. The primary requirement of a distribution network is highlighted to underline the important system parameters that should be considered in the design and planning stages. Various research related to the distribution network can be conducted, such as load flow algorithms, optimal incorporation of distributed generation, network reconfiguration, and optimal capacitor allocation, such as important details pertaining to each test system are given. Additional information, such as active and reactive loads and losses, minimum voltage values, and bus location with the weakest voltage values, is provided. Application of the reviewed works based on the test system is tabulated and presented. The information presented in this paper will be beneficial for future research in distribution system design and planning.
USING COMPUTER SIMULATION TO AID THE RESERCH OF DRILLING PROCESSES
Drilling wells is one of the primary methods used for mineral exploration. Scientific studies have aimed at improving the technical and economic aspects of drilling because of the current competitive economic conditions. Note that the primary topic of these studies has been developing new effective rock-cutting tools. To design a new rock-cutting tool, a thorough, reliable, and accurate study of the processes that occur during drilling is necessary. During drilling, mechanical, hydraulic, thermal, and chemical phenomena, which are interdependent and affect the performance of a drilling tool, simultaneously occur; therefore, a systematic, integrated approach is required for studying drilling processes. Field-based and laboratory experiments are quite tedious to perform and require high material costs, and it is often not possible to separately evaluate small elements of the drilling model. Therefore, computer simulation is an important research tool that enables accurate and reliable visualization of even small parts of the model. The aim. The aim of this study is to examine the potential for computer simulation of the processes that occur during drilling. Objective. In this study, we evaluated the simulation features of various software products, such as KOMPAS-3D, ANSYS, Delphi, and LabVIEW, for their utility in studying the processes that occur during drilling. The possibility of computer simulation for studying drilling processes, including its advantages and disadvantages, are demonstrated. The results are obtained from a model that simulates a rock cutting tool. The main uses of the rock cutting tool are outlined, and the drilling simulation development is planned. Choice of research method. The study of the capabilities of existing modern software products, for use in drilling process research, is carried out by an analytical review method.
INVESTIGATION OF PULSE SHAPE NEUTRON-GAMMA DISCRIMINATION
The role of neutron beam investigation is significant not only for fundamental science but also for various fields of applied science. This work is dedicated to the formation of neutron beams using the external 18-MeV proton beam of IBA cyclotron C18/18 with a beam current of up to 100 µA. The facility is located at the A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute). The possibility to obtain thermal or epithermal neutron beams using the external proton beam of the cyclotron is studied using Geant4 simulations. In this case, a quasimonoenergetic neutron source 9Be (p, n)9B reaction is chosen. As a result of the simulations, the optimal thickness of the 9Be beryllium isotope target is determined. The induced neutron beam is accompanied by a gamma ray background. To decrease the number of accompanying gamma rays, the lead absorber is considered. As a method of separating neutrons from gamma rays, the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) technique is developed. This study shows the possibility of neutron-gamma PSD and its applicability using the EJ-299-33A plastic scintillator.
A REVIEW OF NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRIES
Nanotechnology encompasses the science and technology of objects with sizes ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm. Today, exploration and production from conventional oil and gas wells have reached a stage of depletion. Newer technologies have been developed to address this problem. Maximum oil production at a minimum cost is currently a huge challenge. This paper reviews nanotechnology applications in the oil and gas production sector, including in the fields of exploration, drilling, production, and waste management in oil fields, as well as their environmental concerns. The paper reviews experimental observations carried out by various researchers in these fields. The effect of various nanoparticles, such as titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, and carbon nanotubes in drilling fluids and silica nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery, has been observed and studied. This paper gives a detailed review of the benefits of nanotechnology in oil exploration and production. The fusion of nanotechnology and petroleum technology can result in great benefits. The physics and chemistry of nanoparticles and nanostructures are very new to petroleum technology. Due to the greater risk associated with adapting new technology, nanotechnology has been slow to gain widespread acceptance in the oil and gas industries. However, the current economic conditions have become a driving force for newer technologies.
AN IMPROVED PRE-FORECASTING ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL LOADS OF PUMPING STATION
Relevance of research. In order to reduce energy losses, an accurate and timely forecast of the amount of consumed electricity is necessary. Accurate forecasting of electrical loads of industrial enterprises and their divisions (productions, workshops, departments etc.) allows planning of normal operating conditions, concluding contracts for the electricity supply with the electricity supply company under more favorable conditions, and improving the electricity quality, which ultimately affects the final cost of the products produced by an enterprise. So far, more than 150 forecasting methods of electrical loads have been developed. Usually, the most convenient one is selected based on the forecaster experience by creating and analyzing several forecasting models in order to identify the best. Therefore, in order to simplify the forecasting procedure, it is necessary to develop the methodology for forecasting analysis. This methodology should enable canceling forecasting algorithms that will create lower quality forecasts. The main objective is to develop the methodology for making a forecasting analysis of power consumption on the example of a pumping station of an enterprise with a continuous cycle of work to increase the efficiency of energy consumption and implementation of energy-saving measures. Objects of research: the process of forecasting electrical loads of a pumping station of the enterprise with a continuous cycle of work. Methods of research: fundamental principles of the theory of electrical engineering, statistical methods for power consumption forecasting, the method for detecting the trend of radio signals, and fractal analysis of time series. Research results. The methodology for forecasting analysis of power consumption, which makes it possible to apply the most appropriate methods to forecast the operational power consumption, is developed. For the first time, the radio signal trend detection method is applied to identify the trend of electrical loads. The variation ranges of the fractal parameters of time series of electrical loads are established depending on the variation coefficient of the time series for different periods of time. The Brown method of exponential smoothing that is used to forecast the electrical loads, in the case of identifying the smoothing constant α is in the beyond set ( ), is further improved. The regularity of changes in the fractal parameters of time series of power consumption of a pumping station with an increase in the time series duration and their field of application are explained.
FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF THE CHEMISTRY OF ACETYLENYLQUINONES
In addition to the reported synthetic routes for the acetylene derivatives of quinones, a detailed analysis of the fundamental chemical, physicochemical, and biological properties of this class of compounds is presented herein. The advantages of Pd- and Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling of terminal alkynes with iodarenes via the Sonogashira reaction to produce new acetylenylquinones with predetermined properties are examined. Here, combining quinoid and acetylene residues into one molecule gives the resulting compounds chemical specificity, as demonstrated by several reported examples of non-trivial transformations. In particular, the presence of the quinoid cycle significantly increases the electrophilicity of the triple bond and determines the range of transformation possibilities. Moreover, acetylenylquinones have heightened sensitivity to both external (such as the reaction temperature and the nature of the solvent) and internal (e.g., the structure of substituents in the nucleus and the acetylene fragment) factors. For example, regioselective cleavage of a strong triple bond under the action of amines is possible in the absence of a metal catalyst. Peri-substituted acetylenyl-9,10-anthraquinones are most suited for the synthetic route because of the proximity of the acetylene and carbonyl groups. Mechanisms of reactions of selective alkynylquinones are described.